PTSD: Signs, Screening, and Treatment Options
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder can develop after experiencing or witnessing traumatic events. It can affect mood, sleep, concentration, and relationships. PTSD is treatable, and many people improve with the right care.
Our website is for information only. We help you understand your options and prepare for conversations with licensed providers, but we do not diagnose, treat, or guarantee outcomes.
What Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
PTSD is a pattern of symptoms that lasts longer than one month after trauma. Trauma may include accidents, violence, abuse, disasters, military experiences, medical events, sudden loss, or repeated exposure to distressing situations. Symptoms may fluctuate over time and are not a sign of weakness or personal failure.
Common Signs and Symptoms
Re-Experiencing
- Unwanted memories or intrusive thoughts
- Nightmares related to the event
- Flashbacks or feeling as if it is happening again
- Strong physical reactions to reminders
Avoidance
- Avoiding places, people, or activities linked to the trauma
- Pushing away memories or emotions
- Limiting conversations about the event
- Emotional numbing in triggering situations
Mood and Thoughts
- Feeling detached or emotionally numb
- Ongoing guilt, shame, or self-blame
- Loss of interest in activities
- Negative beliefs about self or the world
Arousal and Reactivity
- Feeling constantly on edge
- Being easily startled
- Irritability or anger outbursts
- Trouble sleeping or concentrating
Not everyone experiences PTSD in the same way. A licensed clinician can assess symptoms and patterns.
When to Seek Urgent Help
Call your local emergency number if there is immediate danger, thoughts of self-harm, or risk of harming others. For mental health emergencies, use your country’s suicide and crisis line. Online information cannot manage crises.
PTSD and Substance Use
Some people use alcohol or illicit substances to cope with distressing memories or sleep problems. This can increase safety risks and slow recovery. Integrated care treats PTSD and substance use together through trauma-focused therapy, coping skills, and substance use support. If opioids may be involved, ask about naloxone for overdose emergencies.
How PTSD Is Evaluated
A licensed clinician will:
- Ask about trauma exposure, current symptoms, sleep, and safety
- Review medical history, medications, and substance use
- Consider related conditions such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, grief, or brain injury
- Recommend a level of care based on safety and daily functioning
Treatment Options
PTSD treatment focuses on reducing distress, improving daily functioning, and restoring a sense of safety through therapy options and medication, if appropriate. Care is matched to your goals, culture, and comfort level. Many people benefit from combining approaches.
Trauma-Focused Therapies
- Cognitive Processing Therapy to address unhelpful trauma-related beliefs
- Prolonged Exposure using gradual, planned work with memories and reminders
- EMDR delivered by a trained clinician
- Trauma-Focused CBT, often used with adolescents and families
Skills and Supports
- DBT skills for grounding, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance
- Sleep support using structured routines and CBT-I strategies
- Family or partner sessions, with consent, to support communication and safety
- Peer or support groups for connection alongside therapy
Medication Support
A prescriber may discuss medications such as SSRIs or SNRIs, or options for sleep or nightmares when appropriate. Medication is voluntary and reviewed carefully. Do not start or change medication without medical guidance.
Levels of Care
- Outpatient and telehealth with weekly therapy
- Intensive Outpatient Programs for added structure
- Partial Hospitalization Programs when symptoms interfere with daily life
- Inpatient or residential care when safety is at risk
Skills You Can Practice Now
These strategies support treatment but do not replace care.
Box breathing using a steady count
5-4-3-2-1 grounding with the senses
Safe place visualization
Gentle movement or cooling techniques
Setting limits on distressing media exposure
Guidance for Loved Ones
Loved ones can support recovery by offering steady routines, calm reassurance, and respect for boundaries. Support for loved ones is also available through education and family sessions.
Preparing for Your Appointment
Having a few details ready can help guide care:
- A brief timeline of trauma and current symptoms
- Current medications and side effects
- Substance use history
- Coping strategies that help, even slightly
- A trusted support person, if desired
- Insurance information and cost questions
FAQs
Do I have to share every detail to get help?
No. Many therapies focus on present symptoms and reactions. You control what and when you share.
Will therapy make symptoms worse?
Effective trauma therapy moves at your pace and includes coping skills to manage distress.
Can I work or attend school during treatment?
Often yes. Outpatient and IOP options are designed to fit daily responsibilities.
How long does treatment take?
Length varies. Some therapies are time-limited, while others continue as needed.
Can treatment help years after trauma?
Yes. Many people benefit from trauma treatment long after the event.
Helpful Resources
In Crisis? Get Immediate Help
If you are in danger or thinking of self-harm, call 911 (or your local emergency number). In the US, dial or text 988 for the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.